Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is used as a sedative in medicine. In recent years, there has been an uptick in its use as an illicit recreational drug that gives users an immediate, brief euphoria when they inhale it. From 2023 to 2024, there was a 58% increase in reports of intentional exposure to nitrous oxide, data from America’s Poison Centers’ National Poison Data System shows.
Repeated nitrous oxide usage is associated with symptoms of vitamin B12 depletion, according to Dr. Cara Borelli, a physician specializing in addiction medicine at Yale School of Medicine. She said that can include cognitive and coordination problems and psychiatric issues.
Caldwell had been a top student growing up. Before her addiction took hold starting in her mid-20s, she enjoyed skiing, horseback riding and spending time with her nieces and nephews, her parents and sisters said.
Caldwell tried various rehabilitation facilities, but she always returned to nitrous oxide — even after she temporarily lost the use of her legs in September 2024 from what a doctor told her was an overdose of the gas, her family said.
“The doctor said, ‘You are going to die if you keep using this drug,’” said another sister, Leigh Caldwell. “As soon as she got back on her feet, she went back to the smoke shop and got the drug again.”
Caldwell died in November 2024 in the Orlando area. Her body was found behind an Orange County smoke shop where she had purchased nitrous oxide products, according to the lawsuit. Her family said an autopsy report is still pending.
The complaint is not a wrongful death lawsuit. Rather, it’s a proposed defendant class action against the seven Florida smoke shops that Caldwell frequented — a rare type of litigation against a small number of defendants that aims to tackle industrywide practices. The suit does not seek damages but simply to have the product immediately removed from store shelves. It is also a proposed class action lawsuit against major nitrous oxide manufacturers and seeks damages for families impacted by nitrous oxide addiction.